Research Article

Occupational Vat Dyeing Practices in the Kano Metropolis of Nigeria - Part 3: Step-by- Step dyeing processes in relation to industrial practices

Abdullahi S.1*, Nkeonye P. O.1, Mohammed K. Yakubu2, Gumel S. M.3, Iliya, E.B.4
1 Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
2 Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
3 Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, College of Nature and Pharmaceutical Science, Bayero University Kano
4 Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
* Corresponding author: abdullahis@abu.edu.ng
Published: Aug, 2021
DOI: 10.67637/njt.2021.sieaqty3
Pages: 50-62
Views: 94
Downloads: 151
Cited by: 1

Abstract

In traditional indigo dyeing it takes up to 45 days to ferment (reduce) the dye but with the advent of synthetic vat blue and the development of sodium dithionite the dyeing process becomes relatively short. Additionally, there is no standard process in vat dyeing. The aim of this paper is to assess the step-by-step vat dyeing processes in Kano metropolis in relation to industrial practices. This crossectional descriptive study was conducted among 1387 dyers together with focus group discussion, observation and measurement. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and average) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Results showed that the dyeing process is entirely manual and the dyers can apply the dye using different procedures with some similarities, modifications, and differences in relation to industrial practices. The dyeing venture may not live to its full potential due to shortcomings related to the quality of the dyed materials. In order to improve on the dyeing processes, it is recommended for related departments in academic institutions to collaborate with the major dyeing enterprises in terms of research/innovation and placement of students under Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). Furthermore, government should introduce tie-dye among entrepreneurship courses offered in tertiary institutions to enable interested students acquire chemistry background of the dyeing processes. (Remove italics)

Keywords

vat dyeing caustic soda hydros fabric Kano metropolis

References

  1. Abdullahi, H., Sinniah, G. K, and Siong, Н.С. (2019). Rapid Urban growth and land use change in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and technology Research, 8(12), 2169-2175.
  2. Amubode, A. A (2009). Strategies for economically sustainable resist dyeing industries in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Southampton, Winchester, England.
  3. Ashraf, U., Hussain, T., and Jabbar, A. (2014). Effect of cotton fibre and yarn characteristics on colour variation in woven fabric dyed with vat dyes. The Journal of the Textile Institute, 105(12), 1287-1292.
  4. Aspland, J. R. (1992). practical application of vat dyes. A series on dyeing, 24(2), 27-31.
  5. Aspland, J. R. (1997). Textile dyeing and colouration. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists. N.C, USA. p62-77.
  6. Baig, G. A. (2010). Dyeing Nylon with Indigo in Various pH Regions. AUTEX Research Journal, 10(1), 21-35.
  7. Baig, G. A. (2012). Effect of pH on the coloration of synthetic fibres with indigo blue. Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile Research, 37, 265-272.
  8. Baumann, H. P., and Fletcher, J. M. (1966). Textile dyeing. International Correspondence Schools Canadian Ltd, Montreal, Canada. P42.
  9. Bechtold, T. (2013). Colourant, Natural. Encyclopaedia of Colour Science and Technology. 10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8-164-4. p1-9.
  10. Borisova, A., and Reihmane S. (2013). A study of absorption properties improvement of cotton blended fabric. Key Engineering Materials, 559, 13-18.
  11. Bozic, M and Kokol, V. (2008). Ecological alternatives to the reduction and oxidation processes in dyeing with vat and sulphur dyes. Dyes and Pigments, 76:299-309.
  12. Broadbent, A. D. (2001). Basic principles of textile colouration. Society of Dyers and Colourists, West Yorkshire, England. p358.
  13. Budtova, T., and Navard, P. (2016). Cellulose in sodium-water based solvents: a review. Cellulose, Springer Verlag, 23(1), 5-55. 10.1007/s10570-015-0779-8.
  14. Burkinshaw, S. M. (1990). Application of dyes. In: Waring, D. R., and Hallas, G (Eds). The chemistry and application of dyes. Plenum Press, New York.
  15. Chakraborty, J. N. (1992). Sodium hydrosulphite in vat dyeing. The Indian Textile Journal, 103(10), 24-31.
  16. Chakraborty, J. N. (2010). Fundamentals and practices in colouration of textiles. Wood Head Publishing PVT Limited, India. p.87-104.
  17. Chattopadhyay, D. P. (2011). Chemistry of dyeing. In Clark, M (Ed.). handbook of textile and industrial dyeing. Volume 1: principles, processes and types of dyes. Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
  18. Chavan, R. B. (2015). Indigo dyeing and reduction techniques. In Paul, R (Ed.), Denim manufacture, finishing and application. Wood Head Publishing PVT Limited, New Delhi, India. p37.
  19. Choudhury, A. K. R. (2011). Pretreatment and preparation of textile materials prior to dyeing. In: Clark, M (Ed.). Handbook of textile and industrial dyeing. P78-98.
  20. Clark, M. (2011). Fundamental principles of dyeing. In Clark, M (Ed.), handbook of textile and industrial dyeing. Woodhead Publishing Limited, UK, p3-27.
  21. Eltz, H. V. D., and Maier, H. P. (1973). Process for obtaining irregular shadow dyeings on polyester fibres and mixtures thereof. US Patent, 3,990,839.
  22. Ezeanya-Esiobu, C. (2019). Africa's indigenous knowledge: from education to practice. In: indigenous knowledge and education in Africa. Frontiers in African Business Research. Springer, Singapore.
  23. Fox, M. R. (1949). The relationship between the chemical constitution of vat dyes and their dyeing and fastness behaviour. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.
  24. Frimpong, C. (2009). A user-friendly colour matching system for tie-dye/batik producers. An un-published PhD thesis. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. P12-13.
  25. Fu, S., Hinks, D., Hauser, P., and Ankeny, M. (2013). High efficiency ultra-deep dyeing of cotton via mercerization and cationization. Cellulose, 20, 3101-3110.
  26. Geer, L. A., Curbow, B. A., Anna, D. H., Lees. P. S. J., and Buckley, T. J. (2006). Development of a questionnaire to assess worker knowledge, attitudes and perceptions underlying dermal exposure. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 32(3), 209-218.
  27. Giles, C. H. (1974). A laboratory Course in Dyeing. 3rd Edition. Charley and Pickersgill ltd, UK. p69-73.
  28. Gupta L. M., Cook F., Etters N., Wu X., and Liu H. (2010). Aqueous Processes for Dyeing Generic, Unmodified Polypropylene Fiber. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 5(2), 27-39.
  29. Haji, A., Malek R. M. A., and Mazaheri F. (2011). Comparative Study of Exhaustion and Pad-steam methods for improvement of handle, dye uptake and water absorption of polyester/cotton fabric. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 17(3), 359-365.
  30. Harane, R. S., and Adivarekar, R. V. (2016). Sustainable processes for pretreatment of cotton fabric. Textiles and Clothing Sustainability, 2:2. 10.1186/s40689-016-0012-7.
  31. Hauser, P. (2015). Fabric finishing: pretreatment/textile wet processing. In: Sinclair, R (Ed.). Textiles and fashion. Materials, design and technology. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles. P459-460.
  32. Hickman, W. S. (1995). Preparation. In: Shore, J (Ed.). Cellulosics dyeing. Society of Dyers and Colourists, West Yorkshire, England. p81
  33. Holme, I. (2016). Colouration of technical textiles. In: Harrocks, A. R., and Anand, S. C. (Eds). Handbook of technical textiles. Technical textile processes.
  34. Ibrahim, A. M. (2015). Evolutionary trend, spatial distribution of, and issues associated with markets in Kano metropolis. International Journal of Physical and Human Geography, 3(2), 9-24.
  35. Ibrahim, N. A., Youssef M. A., Helai M. H., and Shaaban M. F. (2003). Exhaust Dyeing of Polyester-Based Textiles using High Temperature-alkaline Conditions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 89, 3563-3573.
  36. Jena, B., Des, B. P., Khandual, A., Sahu, S., and Behera, L. (2015). Ecofriendly processing of textiles. 4th International Conference on Materials processing and characterization. Materials Today Proceedings, 2, 1776-1791.
  37. Johnson, L. (1999). Artisan enterprise baseline survey. A UNESCO study. Aid to artisans. A case study. African Enterprise Study. Mozambique.
  38. Kunttou, K., Hongyo S., and Maeda S. (2005). Dyeing Polyester Fabrics with Indigo. Textile Research Journal, 75(2), 149-153.
  39. Latham, F. R. (1995). Dyeing with vat dyes. In: Shore, J (Ed.). Cellulosics dyeing. Society of Dyers and Colourists, West Yorkshire, England. p270-280.
  40. Modenbach, A. A., and Nokes, S. E. (2014). Effects of sodium hydroxide pretreatment on structural components of biomass. Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications, 84. [https://ukowledge.uky.edu/bae_facpub/84](https://www.google.com/search?q=https://ukowledge.uky.edu/bae_facpub/84)
  41. Montazer, M., and Sadighi, A. (2006). Optimization of the hot alkali treatment of polyester/cotton fabric with sodium hydrosulphite. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100, 5049-5055.
  42. Moses, J., and Pitchai S. (2014). A study on the dyeing of sodium hydroxide treated polyester/cotton blend fabrics. International Journal of Science. Technology and Society, 3(1-1), 1-9.
  43. Musshoff, H. (1957). Levelling problems of vat dyeing. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.
  44. Nabegu, A. B. (2016). Kano State Ministry for Environment Green House, Kano: report of a study on industrial effluent situation in Kano. Prepra Nigeria Ltd, Kano. p11.
  45. Niaz, A., and Tahir, K. (1989). Effect of temperature of alkali solution on mercerization. Textile Research Journal. 10.1177/004051758905901214.
  46. Oschatz, C. (1993). Process for wet on wet mercerization and dyeing of cellulose material with reactive dyes. US Patent, 5,196,032.
  47. Saikhao, L., Setthayanond, J., Karpkird, T., Bechtold, T., and Suwanruji, P. (2018). Green reducing agents for indigo dyeing on cotton fabrics. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 106-113.
  48. Sameii, N., Mortazavi, S. M., Rashidi, A. S., Sheikhzadah-Najar, S. (2008). An investigation on the effect of hot mercerization on cotton fibres made up of open-end yarns. Journal of Applied Polymer Sciences, 8(22), 4204-4209.
  49. Shamey, R., and Hussein, T. (2005). Critical solutions in the dyeing of cotton textile materials. Textile Progress, 37, 1-2, 1-84. 10.1533/tepr.2005.0001.
  50. Shuvo, II. (2018). A step by step chemical recipe to dye commercial cotton with natural indigo dyes in an open bath for the beginners and Artisans. Journal of Textile Science and Engineering, 8 (1): 332-336.
  51. Siroky, J., B., Blackburn, R. S., Bechtold, T., Taylor, J., and White, P. (2011). Alkali treatment of cellulose II fibres and effect on dye sorption. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84, 299-307.
  52. Suleiman, A. A., Ibrahim, A., and Abdullahi, U. A. (2020). Statistical explanatory assessment of groundwater quality in Gwale, Kano State, Northwest Nigeria. Hydrospatial Analysis, 4(1), 1-13.
  53. Summer, H. H., Vickerstaff, T., and Waters, E. (1953). The effects of the soaping after-treatment on vat dyeings. The Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 69(6), 181-186.
  54. Tarbuk, A., Grancaric, A. M., and Leskovac, M. (2014). Novel cotton cellulose by cationization during the mercerization process-part 1: chemical and morphological changes. Cellulose. 10.1007/s10570-014-0245-z.
  55. Valko, E. I. (1941). Particle size in the vat dyeing of cellulose. Downloaded by University of California on August 25, 2015. Doi: 10.1021/ja01850a083.
  56. Wagaw, T., and Chavan, R. B. (2012). Optimization of caustic soda concentration for causticization of cotton. Open Access Scientific Reports, 1(9), 1-6.
  57. Wakida, J., Lee, M., Park, S. J., and Hayashi, A. (2002). Hot mercerization of cotton. Fibres, 58(8), 304-307.
  58. Wardman, R. H. (2018). An introduction to textile colouration: principles and practice. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Society of Dyers and Colourists, UK. p113-142.
  59. Zanoni, M. V. B., Sousa, W. R., De-lima, J. P., Carneiro, P. A., and Fogg, A. G. (2006). Application of Voltametric technique to the analysis of indanthrene dye in alkaline solution. Dyes and Pigments, 68, 19-25

Cited By (1)

Works that cite this article, via Crossref Cited-by.

  1. Waste Management and Potential Environmental Impacts of Occupational Vat Dyeing Practices in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria . Nigerian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering (2023) . https://doi.org/10.67656/njmse.2023.p6fhh8tk
How to Cite

S., A., O., N. P., Yakubu, M. K., M., G. S., & E.B., I. (2021). Occupational Vat Dyeing Practices in the Kano Metropolis of Nigeria - Part 3: Step-by- Step dyeing processes in relation to industrial practices. Nigerian Journal of Textiles, 7(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.67637/njt.2021.sieaqty3

A. S., N. P. O., M. K. Yakubu, G. S. M., and I. E.B., "Occupational Vat Dyeing Practices in the Kano Metropolis of Nigeria - Part 3: Step-by- Step dyeing processes in relation to industrial practices," Nigerian Journal of Textiles, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 50-62, August 2021. doi: 10.67637/njt.2021.sieaqty3

Share this article:
Facebook X / Twitter LinkedIn
Download PDF View Full Text (PDF) Back to Articles